Finally, chapter 3 presents a modified version of Lerner and Tirole’s 2002 Journal of Industrial Economics paper, “Some Simple Economics of Open Source,” one of the most widely cited papers in the F/OSS research literature. Lerner and Tirole employ a simple economic rationale of cost and benefit in explaining why developers choose to participate in F/OSS projects. As long as benefits exceed costs, it makes rational economic sense for a developer to participate in a project. Costs to the developers are defined mainly as opportunity costs in time and effort spent participating in creating a product where they do not get a direct monetary reward for their participation. Additional costs are also borne by organizations where these developers work if they are contributing to F/OSS projects during work hours.